Using the 2nd law of thermodynamics, we can predict whether a process is spontaneous based on the sign of ΔSuniv. Knowing ΔSuniv requires information about both the system and the surroundings. Practically, it would be much simpler to predict the spontaneity of a process based solely on information about the system. This section will introduce a new state variable, Gibbs free energy (G), which uses the entropy and enthalpy changes of the system to predict the spontaneity of a reaction under conditions of constant temperature and pressure.
2.1: Alkane nomenclature
2.2: Alkene and alkyne nomenclature
2.3: Common names for branching substituents
2.4: Cyclic hydrocarbon nomenclature
2.5: Identifying functional groups
2.6: Naming low-priority functional groups (ethers, sulfides, and halides)
2.7: High priority functional groups
2.8: Common names